There are two reasons for the changes in people's living conditions. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has been .
2.We have two good reasons for/against ...
我们有两条充分理由反对工业不受控制的发展。
We have two good reasons against the uncontrolled development of industry.
3. The reason for...is that + 从句
我们支持“希望工程”的原因是, 许多贫困地区的儿童付不起继续学业的各种费用。
The reason for us to support the “Project Hope” is that many children in poor areas _____________________different kinds of expenses to continue with their schooling.
四、关于因果关系的句型:
1.物价上升的原因是需求的增加。
The cause of (=reason for) higher prices was an increase in demand.
或: Because the demand has increased, the prices are higher.
或: An increase in demand results in higher prices.
或: The demand has increased. As a result, the prices are higher.
或: If there is an increase in demand, then prices rise.
译：他们取得的成果是由于他们的刻苦努力。What they have achieved results from their hard (=painstaking) work.
译：由于所有这些因素，政府越来越多地依赖于科学家来安排适当的规划并付诸实践.
As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on scientists for planning appropriate programs and .
五、表示不同看法的句型:
1. 人们对这个问题的看法各不相同。When it comes to sth, the opinions of people differ
有些人认为 … ；其他人争辩说 … ；还有一些人主张 …
Some believe that ... Others argue that .... Still others maintain that ...
2. 他们的观点各不相同。They are quite different from each other in their opinions.
3. 有些人持这样的观点：孩子少是好事。 Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.
4. 他们对这个问题的态度大相径庭。They think quite differently on this question.
5. 他们对噪音问题的态度截然不同。They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem.
家长和孩子对这个问题的看法不同。家长认为，孩子应努力学习，得到好的学习成绩。而孩子们则认为，他们应该有更多的自由来支配他们的闲暇时间，来安排他们的未来。
Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have more freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.
六、表示必须、紧急、有困难做某事的句型:
1. It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. to do sth.
请翻译下列4句：
1) It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminishing as the demand for them 在不断增长.
不可避免的是，
2) It is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy 直接相关the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.
显然，
3) It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth rate in our country/ to 把沙漠变为良田.
政府迫在眉睫的是
4) It is necessary for us to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to 满足the increasing needs of the people. 我们必须建立
5) have trouble/ difficulty/ a hard time/ a difficult time (in) doing sth(有困难做某事)
他很难找到一份满意的工作。 He has trouble finding a satisfactory job. have trouble with sth.(对...有困难,不好对付)I have some trouble with my English study.
七、常用谚语 (在议论文中):
1. 常言道，“事物总是一分为二的。” As a popular saying goes, "Every coin has two sides".
2. As a proverb says, "Everything has two sides". On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don't deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides.
3. As a proverb says, " Where there is a will there is a way." (有志者事竟成。)
4. As a popular saying goes, "A man is known by the company he keeps." (观其交友，知其为人。)
5. As is known to all, "No pains, no gains". (没有苦，就没有甜。)
6. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。)
7. More haste, less speed. (欲速者不达。)
8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。)
9. He who laughs last laughs best. (谁最后笑，谁笑得最好。)
八、辩论中常用的句型:
1. There is no doubt that ... 译：毫无疑问the rapid increase in population 促使 the sharp decrease in the species of wild animals.
2. It is obvious/clear that 爱心是一盏灯, 越黑暗的地方, 它越明亮。
3. 众所周知，中国一贯主张, 国家不管大小, 应该一律平等。As is known to all, China always maintains that all nations should be equal, be they large or small.
4.(It's) no wonder ... (难怪) 译：他不努力工作, 难怪他丢了工作。
5. It goes without saying that ... ( 不成问题, 很自然 ) ：很自然，健康的人比病人幸
福。It goes without saying that healthy people are much happier than sick ones.
6. What is more important, we should 保持 ecological balance.
7. I am convinced that only if our society is full of love, tomorrow will be much better and brighter.
8. It is no exaggeration to say … 可以毫不夸张地说，…
九、举例表示法:
1. For example,/ For instance,the people's economic status has been greatly improved.
2. A case in point is that the economic status of the people has been improved.
3. Let's have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become household necessities.
十、练习
练习 (一)
模板一：图画作文
This illustration depicts__________ (图画中的人物), with_______________(补充说明). Recently it has become common for people in many walks of life to____________(进一步阐释)
It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about _______(图画主题), which is ______________(进一步的说明). He seems to be saying that_______________(给出细节). In my opinion, ___________(个人阐述).
This simple picture is a wake up call for ______(所涉群体，如the whole of the human race). Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures to put an end to _____________(问题所在). One the one hand, we must _________________(建议一). It is clear that the drawer of the illustration is urging us to _________(进一步说明). On the other hand, ________________(建议二) Only in this way can we___________(展望前景).
模板二：图表作文
The chart gives us an overall picture of the ____________(图表主题). The first thing we notice is that_______________(图表最大特点). This means that as __________, _________________(进一步说明).
We can see from the statistics given that _______________(图表细节一). After ving_________(细节一中的第一个变化), the _____Ved+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化). The figures also tells us that_________________________(图表细节二). (数据位置，如In the second column), we can see that ____________accounts for _______(进一步描述).
Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that___________(结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that_____________(给出原因). / It is high time that we Ved(发出倡议)
模板三：利弊型作文
Recently the issue of whether or not______(讨论话题) has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. There are two major arguments that can be made for_________. For one thing, __________can bring ____ to_____________(优点一). For another, it is widely hold that people usually ____when _________________________(优点二).
But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________, among which are ___________(列举缺点). For instance, it can be _________to ____________(举例说明). In addition, many people find it ________(形容词)to ______________(第二个缺点)
When asked to __________, I tend to ____________. This is because I ______________(原因一). Furthermore, ____________________(原因二). Finally, _____________(原因三).
模板四：展望未来型
With the rapid advances of _____________ in recent years, ___has____________(引出现象). However, _______ has________________, as____________(提出问题). As a result, _____has ____________________(指出影响).
The effects _________ has produced on___________ can be boiled down to two major ones.
First , __________________(影响一). More importantly, ________________(影响二). Hence, I believe that we will see a ____________(提出展望)/ Nevertheless, I do not think we will see a ______(或反面展望)
There are numerous reasons why ____, and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. The first is that the more(比较级)_____, the more (比较级). In addition, we all agree that________________________(第二个原因)
练习 (二)
结合2000年两图对比作文的画面信息从遣词造句角度选出表现效果最好的词，并填入以下的20个空内。
(1) ________ is shown in the pictures, with the (2) ________ of commercial fishing, the number of fishes has (3) ________ decreased. In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900. On the (4) ________, in 1995 there was only one fish, (5) ________ many fishing-boats.
The (6)_______ of this picture is to show us that (7)________ attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean (8)________. Owing to (9)________, the number of fishes has obviously decreased. If we let this situation (10)_______ as it is, we do not know where fish will be in the future. By that time, our environment will (11)_______ a great destruction.
Therefore, it is (12) ________ for us to take (13) ________ measures. For one thing, we should (14) ________ to our authorities to make
